Feeney analyzed Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) data and claimed to find evidence suggesting that this universe collided with other (parallel) universes in the distant past. In 2007, Nobel laureate Steven Weinberg suggested that if the multiverse existed, "the hope of finding a rational explanation for the precise values of quark masses and other constants of the standard model that we observe in our Big Bang is doomed, for their values would be an accident of the particular part of the multiverse in which we live." Search for evidence Īround 2010, scientists such as Stephen M. Paul Steinhardt has famously argued that no experiment can rule out a theory if the theory provides for all possible outcomes. The ability to disprove a theory by means of scientific experiment is a critical criterion of the accepted scientific method. Some have argued that the multiverse is a philosophical notion rather than a scientific hypothesis because it cannot be empirically falsified.
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Concerns have been raised about whether attempts to exempt the multiverse from experimental verification could erode public confidence in science and ultimately damage the study of fundamental physics. Some physicists say the multiverse is not a legitimate topic of scientific inquiry. Prominent physicists are divided about whether any other universes exist outside of our own. The physics community has debated the various multiverse theories over time. In these contexts, parallel universes are also called "alternate universes", "quantum universes", "interpenetrating dimensions", "parallel universes", "parallel dimensions", "parallel worlds", "parallel realities", "quantum realities", "alternate realities", " alternate timelines", "alternate dimensions" and "dimensional planes". Multiple universes have been hypothesized in cosmology, physics, astronomy, religion, philosophy, transpersonal psychology, music, and all kinds of literature, particularly in science fiction, comic books and fantasy. The term was first used in fiction and in its current physics context by Michael Moorcock in his 1963 SF Adventures novella The Sundered Worlds (part of his Eternal Champion series). This sort of duality is called " superposition".
He said that when his equations seemed to describe several different histories, these were "not alternatives, but all really happen simultaneously". In Dublin in 1952, Erwin Schrödinger gave a lecture in which he jocularly warned his audience that what he was about to say might "seem lunatic". The American philosopher and psychologist William James used the term "multiverse" in 1895, but in a different context. The concept of multiple universes became more defined in the Middle Ages. In the third century BCE, the philosopher Chrysippus suggested that the world eternally expired and regenerated, effectively suggesting the existence of multiple universes across time.
6.1.3 Level III: Many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanicsĮarly recorded examples of the idea of infinite worlds existed in the philosophy of Ancient Greek Atomism, which proposed that infinite parallel worlds arose from the collision of atoms.6.1.2 Level II: Universes with different physical constants.6.1.1 Level I: An extension of our universe.5 Arguments against multiverse theories.
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